1. Executive Summary

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has recently implemented a freeze on food shipments and funding, a measure that is significantly affecting various food assistance programs across the nation, including The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA), and the Local Food for Schools Cooperative Agreement Program (LFS) ¹. Reports indicate that approximately $1 billion in funds intended for these programs have been either canceled or frozen ¹. This action follows an earlier freeze on federal funds, compounding the uncertainty for stakeholders ². The current administration has characterized these changes as a necessary return to “long-term, fiscally responsible initiatives,” suggesting that the temporary measures put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic are no longer the agency’s priority ⁴.

The timing of this freeze, particularly during February and March, which are critical planning months for farmers, introduces considerable uncertainty into the agricultural sector ⁶. Farmers at this time of year typically make crucial decisions regarding what and how much to plant, often based on anticipated contracts and funding from programs such as LFPA and LFS. The abrupt nature of the freeze disrupts these carefully laid plans, potentially leading to wasted resources and significant financial losses for agricultural producers. This disruption can also have a cascading effect on the local food supply chain, as farmers may become hesitant to invest in production without the assurance of guaranteed markets for their goods ⁶.

Furthermore, the decision to freeze these funds appears to contradict previous announcements from the USDA regarding substantial investments in the very same programs ². In December 2024, the USDA had announced a significant $1.13 billion investment aimed at bolstering local and regional food systems ². The subsequent reversal of this commitment just a few months later has created a climate of instability and eroded trust in federal assurances. This inconsistency poses significant challenges for food banks, schools, and farmers, as it becomes exceedingly difficult for them to engage in effective long-term planning when federal support appears unreliable ².

Preliminary findings from the available data suggest that numerous states are bracing for significant financial losses that will impact food banks, schools, and local farmers. The freeze is anticipated to curtail the ability of these organizations to provide fresh, locally sourced food to vulnerable populations, potentially affecting the nutritional intake of those most in need. Specific quantities of food, including essential items such as fresh produce, dairy products, and protein sources, are reported to be at risk of reduction or cancellation ⁶. The emphasis placed on local food sourcing through programs like LFPA and LFS, which were designed to foster the development of more resilient food systems, is now facing a considerable challenge due to this abrupt freeze in funding ⁷. These programs were intended to strengthen the connections between local agricultural economies and institutions serving vulnerable populations, thereby creating more equitable and robust food networks. The current freeze potentially reverses the progress achieved in these areas, raising concerns about the future resilience of the nation’s food supply chain.

2. State-by-State Impact Analysis

• Alabama:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: No specific monetary impact has been identified for Alabama within the provided materials. However, the state is mentioned in the broader context of the nationwide USDA funding freeze affecting farmers ¹³. The freeze is impacting programs that facilitate the purchase of food from local farms by schools and food banks ¹⁵. Alabama’s participation in programs subject to the $1 billion in cuts has also been noted ¹².
• The agricultural landscape of Alabama is characterized by a significant presence of family-owned farms, which constitute a substantial majority of the state’s agricultural operations ¹⁴. These smaller farming entities often operate with narrower profit margins and are more reliant on federal grant programs to maintain financial stability and invest in sustainable agricultural practices. The current funding freeze introduces considerable uncertainty regarding reimbursements for past expenditures and the future of contracts, potentially placing a significant financial strain on these farms and hindering their long-term viability. This situation could have broader implications for Alabama’s overall agricultural economy, which generates over $9 billion in agricultural output annually ¹⁴.
• Alaska:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Alaska’s TEFAP program, which is federally funded, provides crucial emergency food assistance to low-income residents across the state ¹⁷. Additionally, Alaska is subject to the nationwide reductions in funding for the LFPA and LFS programs . However, the specific financial impact of these LFPA and LFS cuts on Alaska has not been detailed in the provided information.
• Given Alaska’s unique geographic challenges, including its remote location and the considerable logistical complexities associated with its food supply chain, the state may be particularly susceptible to disruptions in federal food assistance programs. The limited agricultural land in Alaska and the high costs of transporting food to many parts of the state result in a greater reliance on federal aid to ensure food security for its residents, especially those with low incomes. Therefore, any reductions or uncertainties in programs like TEFAP, LFPA, and LFS could have a more pronounced impact on food access and affordability in Alaska compared to many other states.
• Arizona:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Arizona has a federally funded TEFAP program that offers emergency food assistance to low-income individuals, including the elderly ¹⁹. The state is also affected by the $1 billion in cuts to the LFS and LFPA programs at the national level . However, specific financial repercussions of these cuts for Arizona have not been identified in the provided resources.
• Despite Arizona’s participation in both the TEFAP program and the nationally impacted LFPA and LFS programs, the lack of specific data detailing the financial losses within the state underscores a broader issue of transparency and data availability regarding the consequences of such federal funding freezes. Without clear and readily accessible information on the monetary value and the quantities of food affected in Arizona, it becomes challenging for state agencies, food banks, and advocacy organizations to accurately gauge the extent of the impact and to develop effective strategies for mitigation or to seek alternative sources of funding to address the potential shortfalls.
• Arkansas:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: The impact on Adam Chappell’s farm is uncertain, but his operation relies on programs administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) ⁶.
• Impacted Organizations: Chappell Farms, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) ⁶.
• Source Type: Nonprofit (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition) ⁶.
• Source Link: https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/farmers-speak-out-on-the-devastating-impact-of-usda-funding-freeze/
• The experience of Adam Chappell of Chappell Farms in Arkansas illustrates that the ramifications of the USDA funding freeze extend beyond direct food assistance programs. Chappell highlighted the significant staffing reductions at the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), with over 40 employees reportedly lost in the state ⁶. His farm, an 8,000-acre operation, heavily depends on NRCS programs for conservation efforts and cost-saving practices. These staffing cuts threaten the agency’s capacity to process payments and secure new contracts, potentially hindering the adoption of sustainable farming practices and impacting the financial stability of farms like Chappell’s. This situation reveals a cascading effect of the USDA upheaval, affecting not only food aid but also crucial agricultural support services.
• California:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $60,000 (loss for Anna Knight’s farm in one week) ⁶.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: 1,000 food boxes per week (provided by Anna Knight’s farm through LFPA) ⁶.
• Impacted Organizations: Anna Knight’s farm ⁶.
• Source Type: Nonprofit (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition) ⁶.
• Source Link: https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/farmers-speak-out-on-the-devastating-impact-of-usda-funding-freeze/
• Notes: California is identified as one of the states receiving the highest levels of funding through the LFPA program .
• The substantial financial loss reported by Anna Knight, a farmer in California, underscores the significant reliance of local producers on the LFPA program. Knight’s farm, which provides 1,000 food boxes each week through LFPA, experienced a $60,000 loss in just a single week due to the funding freeze ⁶. This figure suggests the potential for a widespread and severe economic impact on California’s local agricultural sector, given that the state is among the highest recipients of LFPA funding nationwide. The disruption not only affects the immediate income of farmers but also jeopardizes their ability to plan for future production, especially considering that many had already invested in crops based on anticipated LFPA contracts.
• Colorado:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $13.1 million ²¹.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce ²².
• Impacted Organizations: Food Bank for Larimer County, Food Bank of the Rockies, School Nutrition Association of Colorado, schools and child care programs across the state ²¹.
• Source Type: Media (9News, Colorado.gov), Nonprofit (Feeding Colorado) .
• Source Link: https://www.9news.com/article/money/usda-program-cuts-impact-colorado-food-banks-schools/73-ff3fccf3-62da-45c0-8236-937bfeccca1a, https://www.colorado.gov/governor/news/governor-polis-usda-cuts-hurt-colorado-kids-farmers,((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBEkwU69ICw))
• Notes: Colorado was the first state in the nation to sign onto the LFPA program ²⁴.
• Colorado is facing a significant loss of $13.1 million in federal funding due to the USDA’s decision to discontinue the Local Foods for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement (LFPA) programs ²¹. This substantial cut will directly affect the ability of Colorado food banks and schools to purchase fresh produce from local farmers. The Food Bank for Larimer County and the Food Bank of the Rockies, the state’s largest food bank, anticipate significant challenges in maintaining their current levels of fresh food distribution. The loss of nearly $2 million in LFPA funding for the Food Bank of the Rockies alone will impact the availability of fresh produce for Coloradans in need. Similarly, the School Nutrition Association of Colorado highlights that the LFS program helped integrate more local foods into school meal programs, and the funding cuts will lead to a reduction in these efforts, meaning less fresh produce on the plates of schoolchildren. Governor Polis has criticized the decision, emphasizing its negative impact on children, families, and Colorado farmers, while Feeding Colorado notes that the program provided a crucial market access point for small and midsize farms.
• Connecticut:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Over $9 million ²⁵. Connecticut Foodshare anticipates losing around $1 million this year from LFPA alone ¹¹.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce ¹¹. Over one million meals were distributed through LFPA in the past two rounds ¹¹.
• Impacted Organizations: Connecticut Foodshare, food pantries across Connecticut, schools, local farmers such as Lathrop Farm ¹¹.
• Source Type: Media (Connecticut Public, NBC Connecticut) ¹¹.
• Source Link: https://www.ctpublic.org/news/2025-03-14/ct-loses-millions-intended-for-local-food-purchasing-as-federal-funding-cuts-continue, https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/federal-funding-cut-to-decrease-fresh-produce-in-food-banks/3517982/
• Connecticut is facing a loss of over $9 million in funding from the USDA, which was intended to support the purchase of local food for schools and food banks ²⁵. This includes $5.6 million for the Local Food for Schools program and $3.7 million for the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, funding that would have continued through 2027. Connecticut Foodshare expects to lose approximately $1 million in funding this year alone from the LFPA program, which has invested nearly $3 million in farmers over the past two rounds to distribute more than one million meals ¹¹. The loss of this funding will likely lead to a decrease in the amount of fresh produce available at food banks, impacting the nutritional options for those in need. Connecticut Foodshare reports a 23% increase in the number of people relying on their services, making the federal cuts particularly detrimental ²⁶. The state’s Human Services Committee has passed a bill proposing $10 million in state funding for food banks to purchase produce, with $1.5 million specifically for Connecticut farmers, indicating a proactive effort to mitigate the impact of the federal cuts ²⁵.
• Delaware:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: The Food Bank of Delaware is experiencing challenges due to the USDA halting scheduled shipments of vital food aid through TEFAP ¹⁰. In February alone, over 50% of the food received by the food bank came from USDA ²⁷. No specific financial impact for LFPA or LFS has been reported for Delaware in the provided information .
• The Food Bank of Delaware is heavily reliant on the USDA’s Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) for its supply of essential food items, including fresh produce, dairy, protein, and shelf-stable goods ¹⁰. The recent halt in scheduled shipments has created significant concerns for the food bank’s ability to meet the needs of food-insecure residents, as over half of their food supply in February came from this source ²⁷. Without these critical resources, the food bank faces limited options to fill the gap, potentially leading to devastating consequences for Delaware’s most vulnerable populations. The food bank is actively working with local government partners and the Feeding America network to address this challenge, highlighting the urgency of the situation ²⁷.
• Florida:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Estimated $42 million for LFS and $22.4 million for LFPA in 2025 ²⁸.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy products, proteins (intended through LFS) ²⁸.
• Impacted Organizations: Florida school partners, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, food banks and organizations reaching underserved communities ²⁸.
• Source Type: Media (Pensacola News Journal) ²⁸.
• Source Link: https://news.yahoo.com/usda-cuts-1b-local-food-193657103.html
• Notes: Florida was expecting a combined total of $22,439,038 from LFPA programs in 2025 ²⁸. Florida is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Florida is anticipating a significant reduction in federal funding for local food purchasing programs, with an estimated loss of $42,583,882 from the Local Food for Schools (LFS) program and $22,439,038 from the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program in 2025 ²⁸. The LFS program aimed to provide Florida schools participating in the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program with locally sourced foods, including fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and proteins, to enhance students’ nutritional intake and support local farmers ²⁸. Similarly, the LFPA program focused on linking local and regional food sources with food banks and organizations serving underserved communities ²⁸. The cancellation of this funding will likely impact the ability of Florida schools to offer a diverse range of healthy, local options and reduce the resources available to food banks for purchasing from local, regional, and underserved producers ²⁸.
• Georgia:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Close to $35 million this year (according to Senator Ossoff’s office) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh, locally grown food .
• Impacted Organizations: 81 school nutrition programs, over 150 farmers and producers, food banks ³¹.
• Source Type: Media (WABE, YouTube) .
• Source Link: https://www.wabe.org/trump-administration-cuts-usda-fresh-food-funding-to-schools-and-food-banks-georgia-responds/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7Oosp61-Ds
• Notes: Georgia relied on these programs for years ³¹. Georgia is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Georgia is facing a significant loss of approximately $35 million in federal funding this year due to the cancellation of the Local Food for Schools Cooperative Agreement Program (LFS) and the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA) . These programs have been instrumental in connecting local Georgia farmers with schools and food banks, ensuring that students and food-insecure individuals have access to fresh, locally grown food . In the first year of the LFS program, 81 school nutrition programs in Georgia participated, sourcing products from over 150 farmers and producers, with about 75% of the purchases coming from Georgia farmers ³². The termination of this funding will create uncertainty for these farmers, schools, and food banks, potentially limiting the availability of nutritious, local food options, especially given the reported rise in food insecurity in the state ³².
• Hawaii:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Hawaii’s TEFAP program received $1,871,334.97 in USDA-donated food in FFY 2024 . The state is also subject to the nationwide cuts in LFPA and LFS programs . No specific financial impact found for LFPA or LFS in Hawaii.
• Hawaii’s TEFAP program plays a vital role in supplementing the diets of low-income individuals and households by providing them with emergency food and nutrition assistance at no cost . In Federal Fiscal Year 2024, Hawaii received a substantial amount of USDA-donated food through this program . While the state is also subject to the nationwide funding freeze impacting LFPA and LFS programs, the specific financial repercussions for Hawaii have not been detailed in the provided information. Given Hawaii’s unique agricultural landscape and its reliance on both local production and imported goods, the impact of these broader cuts on the state’s food security and local food systems warrants further investigation.
• Idaho:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Idaho’s Department of Health and Welfare intended to utilize the LFPA grant to establish new partnerships with socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers, aiming to provide seasonal, fresh commodities to the state’s network of food pantries and schools . The Idaho Foodbank distributes TEFAP commodities in eastern and parts of southwest Idaho . However, the specific financial impact of the USDA funding freeze on Idaho’s LFPA and LFS programs has not been reported in the provided materials .
• The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare had developed plans to leverage the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) grant to enhance its food distribution network, with a particular focus on partnering with socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers within Idaho and neighboring states . The goal was to supplement existing donated foods with fresh, seasonal commodities for distribution to food pantries, schools, and other organizations serving underserved communities . This initiative, which also aimed to strengthen Idaho’s food distribution network in low-income areas by collaborating with the Department of Agriculture and statewide food banks, now faces uncertainty due to the USDA funding freeze. The potential disruption of these plans could impact both the accessibility of fresh food for vulnerable populations and the market opportunities for local, socially disadvantaged producers.
• Illinois:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Illinois expected to receive $147 million under LFPA ¹². The Northern Illinois Food Bank will have to absorb $165,000 in already spent funds ³⁴.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Meat, fresh produce, nutritious donations (intended through LFPA) ¹². 27% of the Northern Illinois Food Bank’s distributed food is fresh from local farmers, funded in part by the frozen money ³⁴.
• Impacted Organizations: Illinois Department of Agriculture, Northern Illinois Food Bank, Illinois Stewardship Alliance, local farmers ¹².
• Source Type: Media (CBS Chicago), News Article (DTN), Nonprofit (Illinois Stewardship Alliance) ¹².
• Source Link: https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2025/03/17/cutting-local-food-programs-help, https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/chicago-area-food-bank-programs-usda-funding/, https://barnraisingmedia.com/local-food-purchase-assistance-program-usda/
• Notes: Illinois is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Illinois is facing a potentially massive loss of $147 million in anticipated funding under the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program ¹². This significant reduction will have a profound impact on both ends of the food chain in the state, affecting farmers who had planned for reimbursements and the food-insecure communities that rely on nutritious donations such as meat and fresh produce ¹². The Northern Illinois Food Bank, which serves 570,000 people monthly across 13 counties, has been particularly impacted, having already been awarded $3.1 billion through the Illinois EATS program (funded in part by LFPA) and now facing the prospect of not being reimbursed for $165,000 already spent ³⁴. This situation is especially concerning as the food bank reports an all-time high in demand for its services, with 27% of the distributed food being fresh produce sourced from local farmers through the very funding that is now frozen ³⁵.
• Indiana:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Thomas Eich, who operates Kankakee Valley Homestead in Walkerton, Indiana, received notification that his contracts with both the LFS and LFPA programs have been cancelled . No statewide financial impact has been reported in the provided information .
• The cancellation of contracts for Thomas Eich of Kankakee Valley Homestead in Indiana with both the Local Food for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) programs illustrates the direct and immediate impact of the USDA funding freeze on individual farmers . Eich, like many small-scale fruit and vegetable producers, relied on these programs for critical market access, opportunities that are often limited to farmers growing commodity crops. The termination of these contracts leaves farmers like Eich scrambling and raises concerns about the financial viability of their operations, as well as the broader implications for food security among vulnerable populations who benefited from the fresh produce supplied through these programs.
• Iowa:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Estimated $3.8 million worth of food for food banks and pantries from TEFAP cuts ³⁷. $11.3 million in local food purchasing support for food banks, schools, and child care programs through LFPA and LFSCC over the next three years is cancelled ³⁷. $7.8 million in spending impacted by LFPA and LFS cancellation .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Dozens of truckloads of meat, milk, cheese, and vegetables cancelled (TEFAP) ³⁷. Vegetables, meat, eggs, turkey, beef (through LFPA and LFS) .
• Impacted Organizations: Iowa Farmers Union, National Farm to School Network, 300 farms, 135 Iowa school districts, 951 food distribution locations, Southeast Linn Community Center, Coralville Community Food Pantry, Food Bank of Siouxland .
• Source Type: Nonprofit (Iowa Farmers Union, Iowa Hunger Coalition), Media (Iowa Public Radio, WeAreIowa.com), News Article (DTN) .
• Source Link: https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2025/03/17/cutting-local-food-programs-help, https://iowafarmersunion.org/usda-cancels-local-food-funding-creating-uncertainty-for-iowa-farmers-and-food-hubs/, https://www.iowapublicradio.org/harvest-public-media/2025-03-13/usda-ends-programs-schools-food-banks-buy-locally-grown-food, https://www.weareiowa.com/article/news/agriculture/usda-local-food-purchasing-assistance-local-food-for-schools-trump-administration-cuts-iowa-department-of-agriculture/524-332b7ce0-b99d-4499-b217-ed41548bbd29, https://www.iowahungercoalition.org/news/
• Iowa is facing a significant double blow from the USDA funding freeze, with cuts affecting both the TEFAP program and local food purchasing initiatives ³⁷. The cancellation of additional TEFAP funding is estimated to result in a loss of $3.8 million worth of food for Iowa’s food banks and pantries, including the cancellation of dozens of truckloads of essential items like meat, milk, cheese, and vegetables ³⁷. Furthermore, the termination of the Local Food Purchasing Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA) and the Local Foods for Schools and Child Care Cooperative Agreement Program (LFSCC) will eliminate $11.3 million in local food purchasing support over the next three years, impacting 300 farms, 135 school districts, and 951 food distribution locations . This decision has created considerable uncertainty for Iowa farmers who had planned over $3 million in food sales for 2025 through these programs and for food access sites that relied on them for fresh, nutritious food . The Iowa Farmers Union has expressed deep concern over the cancellation, highlighting the devastating impact on farmers and the disruption of a system that was just beginning to flourish ³⁹.
• Kansas:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Kansas’s Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) provides free USDA commodity foods to low-income households across the state ⁴⁰. Kansas is also subject to the nationwide cuts affecting the LFPA and LFS programs . However, specific financial details regarding the impact of the LFPA and LFS freeze on Kansas have not been identified in the provided resources.
• Kansas has an established TEFAP program that distributes USDA commodity foods to low-income residents through a network of participating providers ⁴⁰. While the state is also affected by the nationwide cancellation of the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) and Local Food for Schools (LFS) programs, the available information does not specify the monetary value of the funding that Kansas was expected to receive or the extent to which food banks, schools, and local farmers in the state will be impacted by these cuts. Further research may be necessary to determine the specific consequences of the USDA funding freeze for Kansas.
• Kentucky:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: The Kentucky Department of Agriculture had plans to utilize the LFPA program to purchase local foods from socially disadvantaged and local producers throughout the Commonwealth for distribution to underserved populations . Kentucky is also subject to the nationwide cuts in the LFPA and LFS programs . However, the specific financial impact of the current funding freeze on Kentucky has not been reported in the provided information.
• The Kentucky Department of Agriculture had outlined an approach for administering the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program funds through three main projects, including a partnership with the Feeding KY network of food banks to purchase and distribute food, expansion of frozen meal preparation programs, and direct contracting for food boxes . This program was intended to purchase food from local Kentucky producers at fair market prices, thereby strengthening market channels for these producers and providing nutritious food to underserved populations. The USDA funding freeze now casts uncertainty over the implementation and scope of these planned initiatives in Kentucky.
• Louisiana:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Louisiana has a Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) that provides food assistance to low-income individuals and households experiencing food insufficiency . The Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry (LDAF) also participated in the LFPA program in previous years . However, the specific impact of the current USDA funding freeze on Louisiana’s LFPA and LFS programs has not been detailed in the provided materials .
• Louisiana operates a Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) to support individuals and families facing food insecurity . While the state has a history of participation in the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, the available information does not specify the extent to which Louisiana will be affected by the recent USDA funding freeze that has led to the cancellation of LFPA for 2025 and the Local Food for Schools (LFS) program. Further investigation may be needed to determine the potential impact on Louisiana’s food banks, schools, and local agricultural producers.
• Maine:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $1.25 million in LFPA funding over the next three years . TEFAP is expected to shrink by 50%-65% per month ⁴². The Good Shepherd Food Bank anticipates a reduction of approximately 250,000 pounds of food per month from TEFAP ⁴⁴.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Projected loss of 500,000 to 600,000 pounds of fresh, local produce (LFPA) ⁴⁴. Staple food products (TEFAP) ⁴².
• Impacted Organizations: Good Shepherd Food Bank, Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry (DACF), farmers, families facing food insecurity ⁴⁴.
• Source Type: Nonprofit (Good Shepherd Food Bank, Maine Food Center), Media (Maine Beacon) .
• Source Link: https://www.prfoodcenter.org/post/cuts-in-federal-programs-impact-local-hunger-initiatives, https://www.gsfb.org/blog/2025/03/12/good-shepherd-food-bank-responds-to-federal-food-assistance-reductions/, https://mainebeacon.com/trump-administration-usda-cuts-willstrip-food-away-from-maine-families/
• Maine is bracing for significant reductions in federal food assistance, with the cancellation of the LFPA25 extension resulting in a projected loss of $1.25 million in funding over the next three years . This cut alone is expected to lead to a shortfall of 500,000 to 600,000 pounds of fresh, local produce that the Good Shepherd Food Bank would have distributed to families facing food insecurity ⁴⁴. Additionally, the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), a long-standing federal program, is anticipated to shrink by 50%-65% per month, leading to an estimated reduction of 250,000 pounds of staple foods per month for the Good Shepherd Food Bank starting in April 2025 ⁴². These cuts come at a time when food insecurity remains high in Maine, and grocery prices continue to strain household budgets, posing real challenges to the charitable food network’s ability to provide nutritious food across the state ⁴⁵.
• Maryland:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: The Maryland Food Bank and the Capital Area Food Bank utilized funds from the LFPA program to purchase food directly from local Maryland producers, including farmers and watermen . Maryland’s TEFAP program is administered by the Department of Human Services (DHS), which contracts with both the Maryland Food Bank (MFB) and the Capital Area Food Bank (CAFB) to receive, store, and distribute USDA foods to eligible agencies throughout the state ⁴⁶. While no specific financial impact of the current USDA funding freeze on Maryland’s LFPA and LFS programs has been identified in the provided materials , concerns have been raised regarding the loss of LFPA as an important economic stimulus for local agricultural producers .
• The Maryland Food Bank has highlighted the importance of the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program not only for providing nutritious food to those in need but also as a vital economic stimulus for local Maryland producers, including farmers and watermen . The program facilitated the purchase of locally grown and harvested products, supporting these businesses and ensuring a supply of fresh food for food banks. The recent cancellation of LFPA raises concerns about the future of these relationships and the potential economic impact on Maryland’s agricultural community, even if the specific financial figures are not yet available. The Maryland Food Bank is urging residents to contact their elected officials to advocate for the reinstatement of this program .
• Massachusetts:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Over $18 million in subsidies from LFS and LFPA . $12 million intended for local school districts (LFS) ²⁷. Bardwell Farm estimates over $200,000 in lost revenue .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh food to schools (LFS) .
• Impacted Organizations: Massachusetts farmers (over 7,000 farms), school districts, food banks .
• Source Type: Media (Commonwealth Beacon, Gettysburg Connection), News Article (Farmonaut) .
• Source Link: https://commonwealthbeacon.org/government/cut-hay-not-usda-mass-farmers-rally-in-hadley-against-agriculture-program-cuts/, https://gettysburgconnection.org/usda-cancels-1-billion-in-local-food-funding-for-schools-and-food-banks/, https://farmonaut.com/usa/massachusetts-farmers-face-uncertainty-federal-funding-freeze-and-usda-program-cuts-impact-local-agriculture/, https://farmonaut.com/usa/massachusetts-farmers-face-uncertainty-federal-funding-freeze-impacts-local-agriculture-and-food-security/
• Massachusetts is facing a substantial loss of over $18 million in subsidies due to cuts to the Local Food for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) programs . This includes $12 million specifically intended for local school districts to purchase fresh food from local farmers ²⁷. The impact is being felt directly by farmers, with one farm, Bardwell Farm in Hatfield, estimating over $200,000 in lost revenue this year alone due to these program cuts . The cancellation of these programs, which have been described as a “game-changer” for connecting local producers and consumers, raises serious concerns about food security and the resilience of the local food system in Massachusetts, which is home to over 7,000 farms ¹². The suspension of the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement not only threatens food security but also jeopardizes the integrity of the state’s local food system, potentially affecting 20% of Massachusetts’ food-insecure population ¹⁶.
• Michigan:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: About $1.7 million in Michigan invoices have been held up ⁴⁹. The state normally receives approximately $16 million per year through LFPA ⁴⁹. Food banks across the state are expected to lose $6.6 million in LFPA funds .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Locally-sourced meat and produce ⁴⁹. Ohio’s LFPA funds provided 4 million meals last year, suggesting a potentially similar impact in Michigan .
• Impacted Organizations: Michigan food banks (Food Bank Council of Michigan, Kalamazoo Loaves and Fishes, Eastern Market in Detroit), Flint Fresh Food Hub, about 500 Michigan farmers, Michigan Department of Education .
• Source Type: Media (Bridge Michigan, Michigan Farm News), News Article (DTN) .
• Source Link: https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/michigan-food-banks-hit-trump-funding-freeze-local-farmers, https://www.michiganfarmnews.com/source-usda-cuts-to-affect-local-food-banks-nonprofits-small-farmers, https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2025/03/17/cutting-local-food-programs-help, https://www.10tv.com/article/news/local/ohio-food-pantries-brace-for-federal-funding-cuts/530-5e9d0638-c140-441a-a153-7a3aa170ea54
• Notes: Michigan is among the states with the highest LFPA funding and the largest number of participating farmers .
• Michigan’s food banks are facing immediate challenges due to the USDA funding freeze, with approximately $1.7 million in invoices currently being held up ⁴⁹. The state typically receives about $16 million annually through the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, and food banks across Michigan are anticipating a loss of $6.6 million in LFPA funds . This funding is crucial for purchasing locally-sourced meat and produce, and the freeze has already prompted the Food Bank Council of Michigan to advise its regional food banks to temporarily halt LFPA program purchases due to concerns about reimbursement . The disruption could become a crisis for Michigan’s over 2,800 hunger relief agencies if it continues into the spring, as organizations like the Flint Fresh Food Hub need to sign contracts with local farmers for produce ⁵⁰. About 500 Michigan farmers participate in the program, and the uncertainty surrounding funding could significantly impact their livelihoods and the availability of local food for those in need ⁵⁰. Eastern Market in Detroit also anticipates a major impact on its free food program if the funding is not released within the next four to six weeks ⁵⁰.
• Minnesota:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Food shelves across Minnesota rely on the TEFAP program for approximately 20% of their food supply, including essential items like milk, eggs, meat, and chicken ¹⁸. The state is also subject to the nationwide cuts in the LFPA and LFS programs . However, specific financial details regarding the impact of the LFPA and LFS freeze on Minnesota have not been reported in the provided information.
• Minnesota’s network of food shelves depends on the TEFAP program for a significant portion of the food they distribute to individuals and families facing food insecurity ¹⁸. The potential loss of funding for this program is a major concern, as it provides crucial sources of protein and dairy ⁵¹. While Minnesota is also affected by the nationwide freeze on LFPA and LFS funding, the lack of specific financial impact data for these programs within the state makes it difficult to fully assess the overall consequences for local food systems and food security.
• Mississippi:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Mississippi has received more than $6.8 million from the LFPA program since its inception .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Locally grown produce, seafood, and meat (through LFPA) .
• Impacted Organizations: Mississippi food banks .
• Source Type: Media (YouTube) .
• Source Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a29KqrjOO-g
• Notes: Mississippi’s TEFAP program is administered by the Department of Human Services (MDHS) ⁵².
• Mississippi has benefited from the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, receiving over $6.8 million in funding which has supported the purchase of locally grown produce, seafood, and meat for underserved communities . While the immediate impact of the funding freeze on existing programs for the current growing season may be manageable, the cancellation of future LFPA funding will likely affect the ability of Mississippi food banks to continue sourcing local foods . This could have implications for both the nutritional quality of food available to those in need and the economic opportunities for local farmers and producers who have participated in the program. Discussions are reportedly underway to explore alternative programs for the future, focusing on expanding access to produce .
• Missouri:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Missouri could lose between $12 and $25 million (estimate from Chris Bernard of Hunger Free America) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Meat, eggs, and produce (intended through LFPA and LFS) ⁴⁸.
• Impacted Organizations: Food banks, schools, local farmers .
• Source Type: Media (Iowa Public Radio, KCUR, IPM Newsroom, News On 6) .
• Source Link: https://www.iowapublicradio.org/harvest-public-media/2025-03-13/usda-ends-programs-schools-food-banks-buy-locally-grown-food, https://www.kcur.org/news/2025-03-13/usda-ends-programs-schools-food-banks-buy-locally-grown-food, https://ipmnewsroom.org/usda-ends-programs-that-help-schools-and-food-banks-buy-locally-grown-food/, http://www.newson6.com/story/67ddf82f13d6d749f699e1a6/oklahoma-food-banks-brace-for-impact-of-usda-funding-cuts
• Notes: Missouri is subject to the nationwide cuts in LFPA and LFS programs .
• Missouri is projected to experience a significant loss of between $12 and $25 million due to the USDA’s cancellation of the Local Food for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) programs . These programs were designed to help schools and food banks purchase locally grown food, including meat, eggs, and produce, from local farmers ⁴⁸. The termination of this funding is expected to have a considerable impact on the ability of these institutions to provide fresh, nutritious food to the communities they serve. Chris Bernard, CEO of Hunger Free America, estimates this substantial loss, which will primarily affect local food systems and farmers in Missouri . The programs were initially established during the COVID-19 pandemic to build a more resilient food system and support local food options, and their cancellation is anticipated to cause a retraction of the vital infrastructure that had developed to connect food banks, schools, and local producers .
• Montana:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Montana’s Department of Agriculture received funding for the LFPA program to strengthen supply chains and foster equitable and resilient local food systems across the state ⁴⁷. Several projects were awarded grants through LFPA, supporting local producers and food banks serving communities on reservations and in rural areas ⁴⁷. Montana is also subject to the nationwide cuts in the LFPA and LFS programs .
• Montana’s Department of Agriculture utilized the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program to achieve the goals of strengthening food supply chains and promoting equitable and resilient local food systems throughout the state ⁴⁷. Through this program, grants were awarded to various organizations, including the Day Eagle Hope Project on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, the North Valley Food Bank in collaboration with FAST Blackfeet and Land to Hand MT, People’s Partner for Community Development on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, and Helping Hands in Hardin, among others ⁴⁷. These projects focused on procuring locally produced foods such as beef, oats, bison, eggs, fruits, and vegetables to serve vulnerable populations in both on-reservation and off-reservation communities ⁴⁷. The USDA’s nationwide funding freeze on LFPA and LFS programs now casts uncertainty over the continuation and expansion of these vital initiatives in Montana, potentially impacting the progress made in supporting local food economies and ensuring food access for underserved populations.
• Nebraska:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $400,000 (cancellation of RFSI grant for Steve Tucker) ⁶.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Small-scale, specialized food products (intended for processing facility) ⁶.
• Impacted Organizations: Steve Tucker (Southwest Nebraska) ⁶.
• Source Type: Nonprofit (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition) ⁶.
• Source Link: https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/farmers-speak-out-on-the-devastating-impact-of-usda-funding-freeze/
• Steve Tucker from Southwest Nebraska faced the cancellation of a $400,000 Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure (RFSI) grant, a program designed to build resilience in the middle of the food supply chain and provide better markets to small farms ⁶. This grant was intended to help establish a much-needed processing facility for small-scale, specialized food products in the region. The federal funding freeze led to the delay and eventual cancellation of this grant, derailing Tucker’s plans and halting progress on a project that had the potential to significantly support local farmers and businesses. Tucker explained that without the grant, the project is no longer viable, representing a loss of potential jobs and opportunities for small producers and a negative ripple effect on the local economy. While not directly related to immediate food aid distribution, this cancellation highlights how the USDA funding freeze impacts critical infrastructure projects aimed at strengthening local food systems.
• Nevada:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Approximately $8 million ($4.1 million for LFS and $3.9 million for LFPA) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce (intended through LFPA and LFS) ².
• Impacted Organizations: Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA), 63 school food authorities, Three Square Food Bank, Food Bank of Northern Nevada, local farms and producers (like Blue Lizard Farms), Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Walker River Paiute Tribe .
• Source Type: Media (The Nevada Independent, YouTube) .
• Source Link: https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/trump-administration-cancels-8m-for-nevada-schools-food-banks-to-buy-from-local-farms, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wN9LD3oeP6o
• Nevada is facing a loss of approximately $8 million in federal funding due to the cancellation of the Local Food Assistance Purchase Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA) and the Local Food for Schools Cooperative Agreement Program (LFS) . The Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) was set to receive about $4.1 million for LFS, intended for the state’s 63 school food authorities, and $3.9 million for LFPA for fiscal year 2025 . The NDA’s Home Feeds Nevada program, which utilizes LFPA funds, has been temporarily suspended, significantly impacting its ability to function . This funding cut will also affect food banks such as Three Square Food Bank in Las Vegas and the Food Bank of Northern Nevada in Sparks, which receive food through the Home Feeds Nevada program, with Three Square anticipating a “serious impact” on Nevadans who rely on their services . Local farms and producers, including those participating in programs like Home Feeds Nevada, which provided market certainty, may face downsizing ⁸. Additionally, the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe and the Walker River Paiute Tribe, which received LFPA funding in 2022, would likely have been impacted by the cancellation of future funding ⁸.
• New Hampshire:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Nearly $1 million (awarded through LFPA, intended to last through 2028) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce, protein, and dairy products (through NH Feeding NH program) .
• Impacted Organizations: New Hampshire Food Bank, NH Feeding NH program, over 400 partner agencies (food pantries, soup kitchens, schools, etc.), 250 local producers .
• Source Type: Media (Nashua Ink Link) .
• Source Link: https://nashua.inklink.news/nh-food-bank-losing-usda-funding-as-pandemic-era-food-programs-supporting-local-farmers-cut/
• Notes: New Hampshire’s TEFAP is a federally funded program ⁵⁶.
• The New Hampshire Food Bank is facing a loss of nearly $1 million in USDA funding due to the termination of two pandemic-era programs, the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA) and the Local Food for Schools program . This funding, which was awarded to New Hampshire Feeding New Hampshire, a program operated by the New Hampshire Food Bank, was intended to last through 2028 and support the purchase of fresh produce, protein, and dairy products from 250 local producers for distribution through a network of over 400 partner agencies, including food pantries, schools, and senior centers . The loss of this funding will affect the Food Bank’s ability to provide these nutritious items to those in need and will also impact the local farmers who relied on this program as a market for their goods . Additionally, the New Hampshire Food Bank has learned that food purchased from a Canadian vendor will now be subject to tariffs, further increasing costs .
• New Jersey:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Over $26 million in funding for schools and food banks ⁵⁸.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh food (broccoli, tomatoes, beef, pork, chicken) ⁵⁸. Healthy foods ⁵⁸.
• Impacted Organizations: New Jersey schools, food banks (including MEND in Orange), local New Jersey farmers and producers, School Nutrition Association of New Jersey, Northeast Farming Association of New Jersey ⁵⁸.
• Source Type: Media (NJ Spotlight News, YouTube) ⁵⁸.
• Source Link: https://www.thirteen.org/programs/nj-spotlight-news/usda-cuts-1741982962/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-udNH9cW-E
• New Jersey is facing a significant cut in federal funding, with over $26 million being eliminated from two USDA programs that helped schools and food banks purchase food directly from local farms and producers ⁵⁸. The termination of the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program and the Local Food for Schools Cooperative Agreement is expected to have a devastating impact on children, families, and farmers in the state ⁵⁸. These programs funded the purchase of fresh foods such as broccoli, tomatoes, beef, pork, and chicken from local New Jersey farmers for school cafeterias and food pantries ⁵⁸. School food service directors and the Northeast Farming Association of New Jersey have emphasized the crucial role these programs played in providing healthy food options and supporting the local agricultural industry, including beginning farmers ⁵⁹. One food pantry in Orange, MEND (Meeting Essential Needs with Dignity), used LFPA funding to expand its home meal delivery program, bringing healthy foods to 220 families in Essex County who have difficulty accessing food pantries. The loss of this funding threatens the continuation of such vital services ⁵⁹.
• New Mexico:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $2.8 million (LFPA extension for New Mexico) . $7.5 million funding shortfall across several programs (Specialty Crop Block Grant, Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure, and Local Food Purchase Assistance) ⁶¹.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Healthy and culturally appropriate food, locally produced beef, fresh produce . 899,402 pounds of locally grown food have been distributed since January 2023 through RF2FB .
• Impacted Organizations: The Food Depot, New Mexico Farmers’ Marketing Association, local food producers, farmers, ranchers, food banks (including those serving Las Cruces and Doña Ana County), Nourish New Mexico .
• Source Type: Media (Los Alamos Reporter, Organ Mountain News), Nonprofit (Rocky Mountain Farmers Union) .
• Source Link: https://losalamosreporter.com/2025/03/21/usda-federal-funding-cuts-terminate-successful-program-connecting-local-nm-food-producers-and-food-banks/, https://rmfu.org/federal-funding-freeze-puts-new-mexico-farmers-and-ranchers-at-risk/, https://www.organmountainnews.com/usda-ends-1b-in-local-food-programs-for-schools-food-banks/
• New Mexico is facing significant federal funding cuts that will terminate the successful Regional Farm to Food Bank (RF2FB) program, despite an initial extension . This program, funded through the USDA’s Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) Cooperative Agreement, has spent over $3.6 million with local producers on healthy and culturally appropriate food in the last three years, distributing 899,402 pounds of locally grown food since January 2023 and providing 749,502 healthy meals . The USDA’s decision to terminate the 2025 LFPA Cooperative Agreement means that the $2.8 million extension previously announced for New Mexico will no longer be available, halting the RF2FB program when current funding ends . This loss of federal support will profoundly impact local farmers, ranchers, food banks (including The Food Depot), and families who depend on this critical program, especially given that 94% of RF2FB purchases in 2024 were from socially disadvantaged and historically underserved producers . Additionally, New Mexico faces a $7.5 million funding shortfall across other essential programs like the Specialty Crop Block Grant and Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure, further jeopardizing infrastructure improvements and food distribution to food-insecure New Mexicans ⁶¹.
• New York:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: New York is identified as being among the states with the highest levels of funding through the LFPA program . However, specific financial details regarding the impact of the USDA funding freeze on New York’s LFPA and LFS programs have not been reported in the provided information.
• Given that New York is among the states receiving the highest allocations of funding through the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, the nationwide freeze on this and the Local Food for Schools (LFS) program is likely to have a substantial impact on the state’s food banks, schools, and local farmers. While the provided materials do not offer specific financial figures for New York’s expected losses, the high level of prior funding suggests a significant reliance on these programs for supporting local food systems and addressing food insecurity. The termination of these programs will likely necessitate adjustments in food procurement strategies and could negatively affect the economic stability of local agricultural producers who have participated in LFPA and LFS.
• North Carolina:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Approximately $3 million allocated to North Carolina food banks was temporarily frozen, but the program has since been terminated ²³.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce (through LFPA) ²³.
• Impacted Organizations: Second Harvest Food Bank, local farmers ²³.
• Source Type: Media (WFMY News 2) ²³.
• Source Link: https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/investigations/food-federal-funding-cuts-threaten-north-carolina-food-banks-ability-to-serve-communities/83-929536f3-83fd-4664-86d1-487bc3f687ca
• Notes: North Carolina had the largest number of farmers participating in the LFPA program .
• Food banks in North Carolina, including Second Harvest, are facing significant challenges due to the termination of the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program ²³. Approximately $3 million in funding allocated to North Carolina food banks through LFPA was temporarily frozen before being unfrozen; however, the program itself has been discontinued ²³. This cut is particularly impactful in North Carolina, which had the largest number of farmers participating in the LFPA program nationwide . The LFPA program enabled organizations like Second Harvest to purchase fresh produce from local farmers, ensuring nutritious options for those in need ²³. The abrupt termination of the program forces food banks to reassess their strategies for meeting the growing demand for food assistance and finding alternative ways to source fresh produce for their communities ⁶².
• North Dakota:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $1.8 million for schools and $870,000 for child care facilities (LFSCC) ⁵⁴.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Locally produced food for schools and childcare ⁵⁴.
• Impacted Organizations: Schools, childcare facilities ⁵⁴.
• Source Type: Media (KFGO) ⁵⁴.
• Source Link: https://kfgo.com/2025/03/25/usda-upheaval-brings-uncertainty-to-farmers-rural-communities/
• Notes: Three USDA programs were terminated in North Dakota, including LFPA and LFSCC .
• North Dakota is experiencing the termination of several USDA programs, including the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program and the Local Food for Schools and Child Care (LFSCC) program, which will result in a loss of $1.8 million for schools and around $870,000 for purchases for childcare facilities ⁵⁴. These programs aimed to help cover the costs of locally produced food for these institutions ⁵⁴. The cancellation of these funds will likely impact the ability of schools and childcare centers in North Dakota to source and serve locally grown food, potentially affecting the nutritional quality of meals provided to students and children across the state ⁵⁴. The termination of these programs adds to the uncertainty faced by farmers and rural communities in North Dakota due to broader USDA upheavals, including funding freezes in other agricultural support programs ⁶³.
• Ohio:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Food banks across the state are expected to lose $6.6 million in LFPA funds . The Mid-Ohio Food Collective has lost over $1.5 million in the past two years and will lose an additional $1.3 million this year, totaling almost $3 million lost in LFPA funding .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: 4.6 million pounds of food were produced last fiscal year through LFPA in Ohio ⁶⁴.
• Impacted Organizations: Ohio food banks (Ohio Association of Foodbanks, Mid-Ohio Food Collective, GRIN), local farmers .
• Source Type: Media (10TV, Dayton Daily News, KZYX) .
• Source Link: https://www.10tv.com/article/news/local/ohio-food-pantries-brace-for-federal-funding-cuts/530-5e9d0638-c140-441a-a153-7a3aa170ea54,((https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/usda-program-cut-impacts-local-food-banks-local-farmers/VMZWRGNB5ZBG7JI4DWVJVKHLJA/)), https://www.kzyx.org/national-news/2025-03-22/how-ohios-food-banks-are-dealing-with-extensive-cuts-from-the-usda
• Notes: Ohio is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Ohio’s food banks are facing a significant reduction in federal funding, with an expected loss of $6.6 million in Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) funds statewide . The Mid-Ohio Food Collective alone anticipates a total loss of nearly $3 million in LFPA funding over three years, including $1.3 million this year . This program was responsible for bringing 4.6 million pounds of food to Ohio’s food banks in the last fiscal year ⁶⁴. The cancellation of LFPA will impact the ability of food banks to provide locally grown food to their communities, potentially straining their resources at a time when demand for food assistance is high . This situation is further compounded by plans in the Ohio General Assembly to cut $7.5 million from the Ohio Food Program, which constitutes about 20% of the food distributed by food banks statewide . The Ohio Association of Foodbanks has noted that these cuts come at a tough time for social service organizations, which are also dealing with higher food prices .
• Oklahoma:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Oklahoma is projected to lose an estimated $25 million from USDA cuts already announced (estimate from Chris Bernard of Hunger Free America) . The Choctaw Nation lost a $1.7 million grant, the Cherokee Nation lost a $3.5 million grant, and the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes lost $300,000 .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Meat, eggs, and produce (intended through LFPA and LFS) .
• Impacted Organizations: Oklahoma food banks, schools, tribal nations (Choctaw Nation, Cherokee Nation, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes), local farmers .
• Source Type: Media (News On 6, KOSU, Iowa Public Radio) .
• Source Link: http://www.newson6.com/story/67ddf82f13d6d749f699e1a6/oklahoma-food-banks-brace-for-impact-of-usda-funding-cuts, https://www.kosu.org/local-news/2025-03-11/usda-cancels-two-local-food-programs-for-schools-food-banks-and-tribal-nations-in-oklahoma, https://www.iowapublicradio.org/harvest-public-media/2025-03-13/usda-ends-programs-schools-food-banks-buy-locally-grown-food
• Oklahoma is facing an estimated loss of $25 million in federal funding due to USDA cuts, which will significantly impact food banks, schools, and tribal nations across the state . These cuts target programs like the Local Food for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) programs, which help these entities buy fresh foods from local farmers . Several tribal nations in Oklahoma have already been notified of grant cancellations, including the Choctaw Nation (losing $1.7 million), the Cherokee Nation (losing $3.5 million), and the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (losing $300,000) . These funds were intended to support various feeding programs and the purchase of meat and fresh produce from local farmers . Oklahoma food banks have seen a 20% increase in requests for assistance in the last two years, making these funding reductions particularly concerning as they come at a time of growing need ⁶¹.
• Oregon:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Schools and food banks in Oregon relied on the LFS and LFPA programs to source food from nearby farms ⁵³. No specific financial impact for Oregon has been reported in the provided materials .
• Schools and food banks in Oregon have utilized funding from the Local Food for Schools (LFS) and Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) programs to procure fresh, locally produced food from nearby farms, supporting both the agricultural sector and providing nutritious meals to students and underserved individuals ⁵³. The recent decision by the USDA to terminate these programs, withdrawing over $1 billion in funding nationally, will likely have a pronounced impact in Oregon, which has a strong network of small farms supplying fresh produce to schools ⁶⁶. The sudden loss of these funding streams could disrupt this vital supply chain, leaving both educational institutions and charitable food organizations struggling to adjust and potentially questioning the future of local food sourcing in the state ⁶⁶.
• Pennsylvania:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $13 million (LFPA contract cancellation) . The Central Pennsylvania Food Bank alone is expected to lose $120,000 per month ⁶⁷.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Fresh produce (intended for food banks through LFPA) ⁶⁷. Loss of 500,000 fewer meals per month for the Central Pennsylvania Food Bank ⁶⁷.
• Impacted Organizations: 189 Pennsylvania farms, 14 food banks across the Commonwealth (including Central Pennsylvania Food Bank) ⁶⁷.
• Source Type: Official (Pennsylvania Governor’s Office) .
• Source Link: https://www.pa.gov/governor/newsroom/2025-press-releases/gov-shapiro-stands-up-pa-farmers-appeals-usda-s-unlawful-decisio.html
• Notes: Pennsylvania is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Pennsylvania is facing a significant financial blow due to the USDA’s abrupt and unlawful cancellation of its agreement under the Local Food Purchasing Assistance (LFPA) Program, which was set to provide $13 million in federal funding over the next three years to support 189 Pennsylvania farms . This funding was intended to enable these farms to supply local food banks with fresh produce ⁶⁷. The cancellation will also severely impact 14 food banks across the Commonwealth, including the Central Pennsylvania Food Bank, which alone anticipates losing $120,000 per month, equating to 500,000 fewer meals provided to hungry Pennsylvanians each month ⁶⁷. Governor Shapiro has announced his administration is appealing the USDA’s decision, emphasizing that this action will cause Pennsylvania farms to lose a critical source of revenue and food banks to lose access to local, fresh food, ultimately hurting hungry families, children, military veterans, and seniors .
• Rhode Island:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $600,000 reduction to Southside Community Land Trust’s annual budget due to federal funding freezes and contract cancellations (not specified as solely USDA) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Food grown on Southside Community Land Trust farms .
• Impacted Organizations: Southside Community Land Trust, 16 community food access partners .
• Source Type: Nonprofit (Southside Community Land Trust) .
• Source Link: https://www.southsideclt.org/federal-funding-freeze-threatens-vital-community-food-farmer-programs/
• Notes: Rhode Island is subject to the nationwide cuts in LFPA and LFS programs .
• Southside Community Land Trust (SCLT) in Rhode Island is facing a significant financial challenge due to federal funding freezes and contract cancellations, resulting in a $600,000 reduction to its annual budget . While the specific amount attributable to the USDA freeze on LFPA and LFS programs is not detailed, this overall reduction threatens the foundation of SCLT’s work in Rhode Island’s most vulnerable communities at a time of rising food insecurity . Last year, 25,000 people consumed food grown on SCLT farms through their network of 16 community food access partners . The funding cuts jeopardize SCLT’s capacity to maintain its current level of support, potentially impacting programs that promote food sovereignty and economic opportunity in historically underserved communities .
• South Carolina:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $6.1 million (allocated towards South Carolina’s LFPA program) .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Local produce (intended through LFPA) .
• Impacted Organizations: South Carolina farmers (at least 120, including 60 underserved and rural farmers), schools, students .
• Source Type: Media (Spectrum Local News) .
• Source Link: https://spectrumlocalnews.com/sc/south-carolina/news/2025/03/14/food-aid-program-canceled
• Notes: South Carolina entered into an agreement with the USDA for LFPA in July 2022 .
• South Carolina is set to lose $6.1 million in federal funding that was originally allocated towards the state’s Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program (LFPA) . South Carolina entered into an agreement with the USDA for this program in July 2022, with the aim of working with a network of distributors and farmers to purchase food from at least 120 farmers, including at least 60 underserved and rural farmers and ranchers, and distribute the food to at least 24 counties in need . The cancellation of this COVID-era food aid program is raising concerns among state leaders about the impact on South Carolina students, particularly their access to fresh, local produce . USDA officials have stated that these programs are no longer aligned with the agency’s priorities .
• South Dakota:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: South Dakota utilizes USDA foods from the TEFAP program in its soup kitchens and food banks ²⁰. The state is also subject to the nationwide cuts in the LFPA and LFS programs . No specific financial impact has been reported for LFPA or LFS in South Dakota within the provided materials.
• South Dakota participates in the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), which helps to distribute USDA-donated foods to food banks and soup kitchens across the state to supplement the diets of low-income individuals ²⁰. While South Dakota is also affected by the nationwide funding freeze on the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) and Local Food for Schools (LFS) programs, the available information does not provide specific details regarding the financial impact of these cuts on the state. Further research may be necessary to determine the extent to which South Dakota’s food banks, schools, and local agricultural producers will be affected by these federal actions.
• Tennessee:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $12.6 million from the Local Food for Schools program and another $7.6 million through the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Local food for students (intended through LFS) .
• Impacted Organizations: Schools, childcare facilities, food banks, local groups .
• Source Type: Media (wbir.com) .
• Source Link: https://www.wbir.com/article/news/local/tennessee-lose-12m-funding-bring-local-food-students-across-the-state/51-4f9b175b-ad2b-41db-9367-2fc90898eee4
• Notes: Tennessee’s TEFAP program helps supplement the diets of low-income Americans .
• Tennessee is facing a significant loss of $12.6 million from the Local Food for Schools program and an additional $7.6 million from the Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement, totaling over $20 million in cuts . These programs provided funds for schools and childcare facilities to purchase food from local farmers and for food banks and other local groups to support their food assistance efforts . The USDA’s decision to cut this funding will impact the ability of schools and childcare facilities in Tennessee to provide locally sourced food to students, and it will also reduce the resources available to food banks and other organizations working to combat food insecurity across the state . The School Nutrition Association has expressed concern that these cuts could impact around 12 million students nationwide, highlighting the potential scale of the problem in Tennessee as well .
• Texas:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: More than $72 million was awarded to the Texas Department of Agriculture this fiscal year for LFPA and LFPA Plus . The Tarrant Area Food Bank announced a $4.2 million loss in federal funds .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Meat and poultry (38%), produce (32%), bread and grains (11%) (through LFPA) . Equivalent to 2.5 million meals lost for the Tarrant Area Food Bank .
• Impacted Organizations: Texas Department of Agriculture, Tarrant Area Food Bank, 200 producers in Texas, over 20 local farmers partnering with Tarrant Area Food Bank (including Damas Farms) .
• Source Type: Media (NBC DFW, YouTube), Nonprofit (Feeding Texas) .
• Source Link: https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/small-farmers-economic-uncertainty-usda-funding-freezes/3799688/,((https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DPCB1W28ZhUU)), https://www.feedingtexas.org/news/breaking-usda-announces-1-billion-in-new-investments-in-hunger-relief-and-support-for-local-food-systems/
• Notes: Texas has the second-highest rate of food insecurity in the U.S.. Texas is among the states with the highest LFPA funding .
• Texas, which has the second-highest rate of food insecurity in the nation, is facing a significant impact from the USDA funding freeze . While the Texas Department of Agriculture was awarded over $72 million this fiscal year to support programs that purchase from local or underserved farmers through LFPA and LFPA Plus, the actual distribution of these funds has been affected . The Tarrant Area Food Bank has announced a $4.2 million loss in federal funds due to the cancellation of state agreements for the 2025 LFPA program and Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) food purchases, which is equivalent to a loss of 2.5 million meals for the remainder of their fiscal year . This cut has impacted their support to more than 20 local farmers, including Damas Farms, which had secured a significant contract with the food bank . The uncertainty surrounding federal funding is causing economic hardship for small and medium-scale farmers who must now readjust their budgets and look for alternative markets .
• Utah:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Utah’s TEFAP program provides food assistance to underprivileged Americans through the distribution of USDA commodities . The state is also subject to the nationwide cuts in the LFPA and LFS programs . No specific financial impact has been reported for LFPA or LFS in Utah within the provided materials .
• Utah’s TEFAP program plays a crucial role in providing food assistance to individuals and families with limited income through the distribution of commodities supplied by the USDA . While Utah is also affected by the nationwide termination of the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) and Local Food for Schools (LFS) programs, the available information does not specify the financial impact of these cuts on the state. Further research may be needed to determine the extent to which Utah’s food banks, schools, and local agricultural producers will be affected by these federal actions.
• Vermont:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Over $1.2 million (LFSCC program) ($944,000 for schools and $277,000 for early childhood programs) . Estimated $500k in LFPA grants and $333k in LFS for 2025 potentially impacted .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Local meats and vegetables (through LFSCC) .
• Impacted Organizations: Vermont schools, childcare centers, local farmers (Vermont Farm to School and Early Childhood Network) .
• Source Type: News Article (Citizen Portal), Reddit .
• Source Link:(https://citizenportal.ai/articles/2722344/Vermont/Vermont-advocates-rally-against-USDAs-termination-of-local-food-program-funding), https://www.reddit.com/r/vermont/comments/1j6qofj/suspension_of_usda_local_food_purchase_assistance/
• Notes: Vermont’s TEFAP program helps individuals and families with limited income get free food ⁶⁹.
• Vermont is facing a significant setback with the abrupt termination of the Local Food for Schools and Child Care (LFSCC) program by the USDA, which was set to distribute over $1.2 million in funding ($944,000 for schools and $277,000 for early childhood programs) . This decision threatens vital connections between local farmers, schools, and childcare centers, jeopardizing food access for children and the economic stability of Vermont’s agricultural community . The LFSCC program had already demonstrated a powerful multiplier effect in its first round, significantly boosting sales for local farms and processors . The cancellation of this funding comes at a time when Vermont’s food system is already under strain, and local farmers have expressed deep concern over the loss of this financial support, with many reporting dramatic increases in sales to schools due to previous funding . Additionally, it is estimated that Vermont could also see an impact on approximately $500,000 in LFPA grants and $333,000 in LFS funding that were anticipated for 2025 .
• Virginia:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $13.5 million from LFS in past years ⁷⁰. Budgeted $7.6 million for LFPA in FY 2025 ⁷⁰. The Foodbank of Southeastern Virginia expects a $300,000 cut in their budget (LFPA) ⁷⁰.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Meat and produce (through LFPA and LFS) ⁷⁰. Equivalent to 6,000 fewer servings of produce and 2,500 fewer servings of protein per month for the Foodbank of Southeastern Virginia ⁷⁰.
• Impacted Organizations: Foodbank of Southeastern Virginia and the Eastern Shore, Virginia Department of Education, local farmers (166 in the past), schools .
• Source Type: Media (Suffolk News Herald), Nonprofit (Coastal Conservation League) .
• Source Link: https://www.suffolknewsherald.com/2025/03/18/foodbank-of-southeastern-virginia-hit-by-usda-funding-cuts/
• Notes: Virginia has a Farm to School program ⁷⁰.
• Virginia is facing significant cuts to federal food programs, including an estimated loss of $13.5 million from the Local Food for Schools (LFS) program based on past funding ⁷⁰. For fiscal year 2025, the state had budgeted $7.6 million for the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program ⁷⁰. The Foodbank of Southeastern Virginia and the Eastern Shore anticipates a $300,000 reduction in its budget due to the end of the LFPA program, which is equivalent to 6,000 fewer servings of produce and 2,500 fewer servings of protein per month for the food bank ⁷⁰. In the past, Virginia’s LFS program awarded $13.5 million, and the Virginia Department of Education has its own buy-local incentive program called Farm to School ⁷⁰. The end of these federal programs will likely impact the ability of schools to purchase local food and reduce the resources available to food banks for sourcing meat and produce for food-insecure individuals in the state ⁷⁰.
• Washington:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Over $11 million in funding for LFPA was distributed (though future funding is uncertain) ⁷².
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Locally and regionally grown foods ⁷².
• Impacted Organizations: 31 hunger relief organizations and tribes, 255 unique regional and local farms ⁷².
• Source Type: Official (Washington State Department of Agriculture), News Article (Cheese Reporter) .
• Source Link: https://agr.wa.gov/services/food-access/programs-and-services/local-food-purchase-assistance-(lfpa), https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2025/03/17/cutting-local-food-programs-help, https://barnraisingmedia.com/local-food-purchase-assistance-program-usda/, https://cheesereporter.com/news/2025/03/21/usda-terminating-local-food-purchase-assistance-deals-congressional-democrats-air-concerns/, https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2021/12/06/usda-establishes-food-purchase-program-transform-food-system-build-back-better-local-food-purchase
• Washington State has successfully distributed over $11 million in funding through the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) program, which has supported 31 hunger relief organizations and tribes in purchasing locally and regionally grown foods from 255 unique farms ⁷². While the program is currently in its third year (July 2024 – June 2025), the future of funding beyond this period is uncertain due to the USDA’s announcement of terminating LFPA 2025 cooperative agreements ⁷². This decision will likely impact the established relationships between hunger relief organizations and local farmers, potentially disrupting the progress made in strengthening local food systems and ensuring access to fresh, nutritious food for underserved communities across Washington State ⁷².
• West Virginia:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $2,727,150 for the school food budget and $1,060,910 for the child care budget (LFS) . Approximately $2 million cut from the state’s agriculture economy (LFPA Phase 2 cancellation) ⁷⁴.
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Locally produced food for schools .
• Impacted Organizations: West Virginia farmers, Wood County Schools, Parkersburg South High School, West Virginia Department of Agriculture, food banks .
• Source Type: Media (Marietta Times, News and Sentinel), Nonprofit (Coastal Conservation League) .
• Source Link: https://www.mariettatimes.com/news/local-news/2025/03/canceled-program-provided-money-to-west-virginia-to-buy-locally-produced-food-for-schools/, https://www.newsandsentinel.com/news/business/2025/03/usda-program-cuts-affect-w-va-farmers/
• West Virginia is facing a loss of over $3.7 million in funding for the Local Food for Schools (LFS) program, with $2,727,150 allocated for the school food budget and $1,060,910 for the child care budget . Additionally, the cancellation of Phase 2 of the LFPA program will result in an estimated $2 million cut to the state’s agriculture economy ⁷⁴. These cuts will impact the ability of schools to purchase locally produced food from West Virginia farmers, potentially affecting the nutritional quality of meals for students . Agriculture Commissioner Kent Leonhardt has expressed disappointment over the cancellation, noting that food banks and schools in the state depend on the income generated by purchasing local products through these programs . The elimination of this funding is expected to have a significant effect on some farmers who have built their businesses around supplying to these markets .
• Wisconsin:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: Unknown
• Notes: Farmer Rachel Bouressa’s USDA contracts (EQIP and CSP) are disrupted by the freeze ⁶. The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (WDATCP) received a termination notice for the LFPA 2025 agreement ⁵⁷. No specific financial impact of LFPA/LFS freeze found for Wisconsin as a whole .
• In Wisconsin, the USDA funding freeze is causing disruptions for farmers like Rachel Bouressa, whose Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) agreements have been affected ⁶. Additionally, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (WDATCP) has received a termination notice from the USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) regarding the Local Food Purchase Assistance (LFPA) 2025 cooperative agreement ⁵⁷. While the specific financial impact of this termination and the broader funding freeze on Wisconsin’s food banks, schools, and agricultural sector has not been detailed in the provided materials, the termination notice indicates that the agreement will end within 60 days of the March 7, 2025 letter, suggesting a forthcoming impact on the state’s local food purchasing initiatives ⁴⁶.
• Wyoming:

• Estimated Value of Lost Food Aid: $535,000 grant to the Food Bank of Wyoming (LFPA) for the next fiscal year eliminated . Over $551,000 was received by the Food Bank of Wyoming from LFPA in 2023 .
• Quantity/Type of Food Affected: Approximately 200,000 pounds of food (beef, beans, grains, oats, produce) purchased from Wyoming ranchers and growers since 2023 through LFPA .
• Impacted Organizations: Food Bank of Wyoming, Wyoming family farmers and ranchers .
• Source Type: Media (Oil City News, Wyoming Public Media) .
• Source Link: https://oilcity.news/community/2025/03/18/doge-cuts-to-usda-eliminates-535k-grant-to-food-bank-of-wyoming/, https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/natural-resources-energy/2025-03-24/usda-ends-grant-program-that-helped-the-food-bank-of-wyoming-partner-with-local-producers
• Notes: Food insecurity need in Wyoming is at its highest level in 10 years .
• The

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Projected Revenue and Budget Impact

The U.S. could significantly simplify and stabilize its tax structure by replacing the current federal income tax system with a 25% national sales tax on all final consumer purchases and a 25% flat corporate tax on all business profits. Based on the latest data, this dual-tax model would generate approximately $5.5 trillion per year—around $4.5 trillion from consumption and $1 trillion from corporate profits (1)(2). In FY2023, the federal government spent about $6.2 trillion in total (4), meaning this system would fall short by about $700 billion. However, that’s still a $1 trillion improvement over the current $1.7 trillion deficit (5), making it a far more efficient and transparent funding approach.

Coverage of Core Government Services

This model would still fully cover the core of government obligations. Social Security ($1.4T), Medicare ($1.0T), and Medicaid (~$0.5T)—totaling roughly $3 trillion—would be funded with room to spare (3). The simplicity of taxing spending and profits instead of income could reduce administrative overhead, limit evasion through deductions, and allow Americans to see clearly what they’re contributing. Most importantly, it gives individuals more control over their tax exposure: you only pay more tax if you choose to spend more.

Discretionary Spending Across Income Levels

Critics often claim that a sales tax hits low-income earners harder, but current data on consumer behavior shows a deeper story. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, lower-income households (avg. income ~$15.6K) spend about $5,100 annually on non-essentials, including entertainment, dining out, and apparel—about 33% of their income (6). Middle-income households (avg. income ~$71K) spend $10,000 on non-essentials, which is 14% of their income, while higher-income households (avg. income ~$264K) spend $28,300, or only ~11% of their income on similar items (6). These numbers show that the less you spend on non-essentials, the less you pay in sales tax, regardless of income level.

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Spending Behavior and Tax Exposure

In other words, if households—particularly those in tighter financial positions—cut back on unnecessary expenses, their sales tax burden would shrink significantly. The tax doesn’t penalize income; it responds directly to spending choices. Pairing this with a flat corporate tax ensures businesses contribute proportionally to their profits, while consumers retain autonomy over their financial behavior. In total, this model is fair, clear, and economically sustainable.

Detailed Revenue Breakdown

Revenue From a 25% National Sales Tax

A 25% federal sales tax on all final consumer purchases would generate approximately $4.5 trillion annually. In 2022, total U.S. personal consumption expenditures (PCE) reached $17.4 trillion, and increased to over $18.5 trillion in 2023 (1). Applying a flat 25% tax across this base yields a theoretical revenue of $4.6 trillion, assuming all consumption is taxed and no exemptions or compliance issues exist. This figure includes goods and services bought by households, covering the bulk of retail economic activity.

Revenue From a 25% Flat Corporate Profit Tax

A flat 25% tax on all U.S. corporate profits would add another $0.94–$1.01 trillion in annual revenue. According to 2023 BEA data, U.S. corporate profits (adjusted for inventory valuation and capital consumption) totaled $3.77 trillion (2). Taxing that full base at 25% produces $942 billion. Using the unadjusted figure of $4.05 trillion yields $1.01 trillion in potential tax revenue. This assumes the full tax applies equally across all industries and business sizes, with no deductions or loopholes.

Combined Revenue vs. Federal Spending

Together, the sales tax and corporate tax would generate around $5.5 trillion annually, which is enough to fund most of the federal government’s largest programs. In FY2023, the government spent approximately $1.4 trillion on Social Security, $1.0 trillion on Medicare, and over $0.5 trillion on Medicaid (3). Combined, these three programs totaled roughly $3 trillion, well within the revenue range from the proposed tax system. However, total federal outlays in FY2023 were about $6.2 trillion, including defense, infrastructure, interest on debt, and all other discretionary and mandatory spending (4). This leaves a shortfall of about $700 billion under the proposed model.

Still, this represents a significant improvement over the current system. In FY2023, the U.S. ran a $1.7 trillion deficit (5). A system built on a 25% sales tax and 25% corporate tax would reduce that deficit by nearly $1 trillion, while eliminating the federal income tax entirely.

Thomas Sowell, born in 1930 in Gastonia, North Carolina, grew up facing the harsh realities of segregation and poverty. His early life was marked by the struggles imposed by a society that sought to define him by his race. Yet, even in the face of discrimination and limited opportunities, his inner drive and resilience set him on a path toward intellectual greatness.

As a young man, Sowell refused to be confined by the expectations of his environment. His service in the Marine Corps instilled a discipline and sense of purpose that would later fuel his academic pursuits. Determined to overcome the limitations imposed on him, he excelled in his studies, eventually earning degrees from Harvard, Columbia, and the University of Chicago. Each step of his educational journey reinforced his belief in the power of individual initiative and the importance of free inquiry over state-controlled solutions.

Sowell’s work has left a profound impact on discussions about race, economics, and society. In his influential book Black Rednecks and White Liberals, he challenges conventional narratives by exploring how cultural and historical forces have shaped racial identities. With sharp wit and detailed analysis, he dismantles simplistic views of race, arguing that historical context and personal responsibility are key to understanding societal outcomes. His examination of cultural dynamics not only critiques prevailing ideas but also celebrates the resourcefulness and strength found within marginalized communities.

Another notable work, Economic Facts and Fallacies, showcases Sowell’s ability to untangle complex economic concepts with clarity and insight. In this book, he debunks common myths about wealth distribution, labor markets, and government intervention. His analysis emphasizes that policies, no matter how well-intentioned, must be evaluated based on their real-world effects rather than abstract ideals. Through this work, Sowell champions the merits of free-market principles and the importance of individual decision-making in driving economic progress.

Sowell’s black identity has deeply informed his perspective, providing him with a unique lens through which to examine social and economic policies. Rather than accepting the narrative of victimhood, he transformed his personal struggles into a powerful argument for self-reliance and personal responsibility. His life story, marked by the determination to rise above systemic obstacles, is a compelling example of how individual effort can overcome even the most daunting challenges.

Today, Thomas Sowell stands as a towering intellectual figure whose writings continue to inspire and provoke thoughtful debate. His work reminds us during Black History Month that the journey from adversity to achievement is not only possible but also a testament to the enduring strength of the human spirit. His legacy is a celebration of resilience, the transformative power of education, and the enduring value of challenging conventional wisdom in the pursuit of truth.

Ghost sightings have held human attention for generations. Tales of transparent figures gliding through corridors or eerie footsteps echoing in deserted rooms are common in many cultures. Many people presume these events involve spirits of the dead, yet some researchers propose that they might instead point to phenomena rooted in physics and psychology. The Time Shadow Theory suggests that these haunting experiences could stem from brief observations of other points in time. This paper explores that hypothesis, focusing on known principles in relativity and quantum mechanics, as well as the psychological foundations that shape our perception of these events. Borley Rectory in Essex, England, provides a central case study for illustrating these ideas.

Cultural Foundations of Hauntings

Ghost stories are deeply woven into the folklore of societies around the world. Legends about lost souls wandering through empty halls or floating above old staircases often get passed down for generations. Over time, a few reports of unexplained incidents may cause a building to gain a powerful reputation for being haunted. Visitors then arrive expecting ghostly activity, which can alter the way they interpret normal sounds or subtle visual cues.

This tendency to confirm what we expect ties closely to our psychological makeup. Neuroscience studies indicate that the human brain actively seeks patterns, sometimes perceiving meaningful images or sounds where none exist. This phenomenon, often called pareidolia, helps explain why people might see faint shapes or hear vague whispers in an old house, especially if they are primed to detect something eerie. Group dynamics can reinforce these perceptions, as one person’s startled reaction may make others more likely to believe that something paranormal has occurred.

Research in psychology also indicates that strong emotions and environmental context can heighten sensory awareness. When individuals feel anxious or excited, their brains allocate extra attention to seemingly minor details, magnifying small sounds or visual flickers. In a house rumored to be haunted, these factors can easily merge. A gust of wind rattling a window might be experienced as a menacing presence, and the collective response of a group can further solidify the impression that a ghostly encounter has taken place.

Core Concepts of the Time Shadow Theory

The Time Shadow Theory argues that certain reported encounters could be linked to moments in which observers momentarily perceive another segment of time. Albert Einstein demonstrated that space and time form a single continuum, sometimes described as four dimensional spacetime. Hermann Minkowski expanded this idea by showing that time functions as an additional dimension alongside the three spatial dimensions. In some interpretations, past, present, and future may coexist in what is called a block universe. Although mainstream physics does not claim we can freely step outside our own era, it accepts that time is not as rigid or isolated as everyday experiences suggest.

Relativity outlines how massive objects or intense gravitational fields can warp spacetime, affecting the passage of time itself. Although Earth’s gravitational environment is usually too mild to create dramatic distortions, tiny deviations or unknown factors could, at least theoretically, open the possibility for unusual temporal phenomena. In extreme scenarios such as those near black holes, predictions indicate that time can slow down or bend significantly compared to other reference points. While none of this proves that people can see another century in their living room, it shows that time is more dynamic than our daily routines imply.

Quantum mechanics further enriches this discussion by showing that particles can act like both waves and discrete points, and that entangled particles may affect each other instantly over vast distances. The observer effect indicates that measuring or observing a quantum system can fundamentally alter its behavior. Some researchers speculate that rare or highly specialized conditions could allow quantum effects to appear at a macroscopic level, possibly including phenomena that challenge our usual sense of cause and effect. Retrocausality remains a theoretical concept suggesting that future events might influence past states. Although unverified in practical terms, it poses interesting possibilities for understanding how time might flow in less linear ways than we assume.

If we combine these relativistic and quantum ideas, a framework emerges for hypothesizing that so called hauntings could involve fleeting portals or windows. Under these windows, observers might perceive aspects of past or future events that become momentarily visible or audible. Instead of involving the spirits of the departed, the phenomenon might be a rare intersection of physics, environment, and human perception.

Borley Rectory as a Case Study

Borley Rectory, built in 1862, earned a reputation as one of Englands most haunted structures. Reports of ghostly nuns and unexplained footsteps captured widespread attention, particularly through the investigations of Harry Price in the early 1900s. Though the rectory was demolished in 1944, interest in its alleged hauntings has endured. Individuals still visit the site, hoping to witness an apparition or sense an otherworldly presence.

According to the Time Shadow Theory, these sightings and disturbances might stem from short lived overlaps in spacetime rather than the activities of restless spirits. If a visitor notices a faint figure resembling a nun, that experience could be an instance of perceiving someone from a different point on the timeline of the rectory. The mental readiness of the observer, primed by ghost stories and a heightened state of alert, could blend with subtle sensory cues to create a memorable impression of a classic haunting. The site’s long standing reputation strengthens this effect, prompting visitors to interpret mundane events as signs of supernatural contact.

Counterarguments and Scientific Challenges

Skeptics highlight the lack of conclusive evidence for temporal overlaps in ordinary situations. Typical haunted houses are old and prone to creaking floors, temperature shifts, and echoes. All these can be easily transformed into perceived paranormal encounters if observers anticipate something unsettling. Tools like electromagnetic field meters or infrared cameras can register variations that are often traceable to normal sources like faulty wiring or reflections. Data collection also depends on chance because hauntings are not reproducible on demand, making it difficult to apply standard scientific controls.

Even so, researchers in physics, psychology, and other disciplines continue to investigate how time, perception, and cognition interrelate. While the Time Shadow Theory is hypothetical, it aligns with ongoing debates about whether our standard view of time overlooks deeper complexities. Experiments testing whether quantum mechanical or relativistic principles might generate apparent anomalies in human perception are in their early stages. Large scale confirmation of time overlap events has not been achieved, so the theory must remain a scientific speculation until such data arise.

Conclusion

The Time Shadow Theory frames certain haunting claims as moments when individuals might catch brief impressions of different points in time. This explanation is built on established principles of spacetime from relativity, as well as the unusual and sometimes counterintuitive findings of quantum mechanics. Psychological research shows how expectation, emotional states, and group dynamics reinforce the impression of witnessing a ghost. Borley Rectory serves as an illustrative case in which a long history of reported apparitions could be interpreted in this time oriented context. Although skeptics question the evidence for these events, the Time Shadow Theory remains a fascinating lens through which to examine hauntings, highlighting the possibility that time itself may be more fluid and unpredictable than our daily experiences suggest.

References

Einstein A 1916 Relativity The Special and the General Theory

Minkowski H 1909 Space and Time Address presented at the 80th Assembly of German Natural Scientists and Physicians

Greene B 1999 The Elegant Universe Superstrings Hidden Dimensions and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory W W Norton and Company

Price H 1939 The Most Haunted House in England Ten Years Investigation of Borley Rectory Longmans Green and Co

Radin D 1997 The Conscious Universe The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena HarperOne

Persinger MA 1983 Temporal Lobe Stimulation and the Experience of Ghosts in Perceptual and Motor Skills 57 1255 to 1262

Wiseman R and Watt C 2005 Parapsychology Ashgate

The United States is in the midst of a significant illegal immigration crisis, with enormous consequences for the nation’s economy, social infrastructure, and public safety. In 2024, the total foreign-born population soared to a record 51.4 million, increasing by 6.4 million since 2021. Shockingly, 3.8 million of that growth (nearly 58%) came from illegal immigration, driving the estimated total illegal immigrant population to 14 million, up from around 10.2 million just three years prior. This is a crisis that demands urgent attention, yet President Trump’s executive order, “Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship,” which seeks to limit birthright citizenship, is no solution. It jeopardizes the Constitution’s 14th Amendment and sets a precedent that could, over time, unravel the very foundations of American democracy.

The Constitution: Protecting Liberty and Stability

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, guarantees citizenship to all individuals born on U.S. soil, provided they are subject to U.S. jurisdiction. It was designed to ensure equal rights for formerly enslaved individuals and establish a uniform definition of citizenship. The Supreme Court upheld this principle in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898), confirming that children born to foreign nationals in the U.S. are citizens, regardless of their parents’ legal status.

President Trump’s executive order directly challenges this long-standing interpretation. By attempting to exclude children of undocumented immigrants from birthright citizenship, the order undermines constitutional protections. It creates a dangerous precedent, one that invites future leaders to use executive power recklessly; one that compromises the checks and balances enshrined in the Constitution.

The Dangers of Setting This Precedent

This executive order raises an unsettling question: If one president can unilaterally reinterpret a constitutional amendment to suit their policy goals, what stops another from doing the same? The door would be open, the bar lowered, for future administrations to rewrite other amendments without the consent of Congress or the people.

1. The Second Amendment:
   • A left-leaning president could issue an executive order to effectively repeal the Second Amendment, outlawing private gun ownership in the name of public safety. This action would erase the constitutional right to bear arms, leaving law-abiding citizens defenseless and setting the stage for profound unrest.
2. The Fourth Amendment:
   • Another administration might redefine the Fourth Amendment’s protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. By executive order, they could authorize widespread government surveillance, tracking citizens’ every move, all in the name of combating crime or national security. Such an order would fundamentally change the relationship between individuals and their government, turning privacy into a privilege, not a right.

If constitutional amendments can be so easily undermined, what remains of the rule of law? What remains of democracy itself? This executive order doesn’t just challenge the 14th Amendment; it invites chaos.

The Immigration Crisis: A Pressing Issue

The immigration crisis is real; its consequences are impossible to ignore. For example:

• In 2024, New York public schools struggled to absorb over 20,000 migrant children. Classrooms became overcrowded, resources stretched thin, and educators overwhelmed.
• Taxpayer costs for illegal immigration in Illinois reached a staggering $4.59 billion in 2022. This burden averaged $930 per household annually, money taken from hard-working families to cover services strained by unauthorized migration.
• At the border, human tragedy continues. In 2022, border deaths spiked to 850, a 24% increase compared to previous years. Each of these numbers represents a person; each loss a failure of policy.

These challenges demand action. But action cannot come at the expense of constitutional integrity. The moment we sacrifice our foundational principles for temporary solutions, we risk far more than we gain.

A Constitutional Approach to Immigration Reform

The immigration crisis is urgent, but its resolution requires legislative action, not executive overreach. Congress holds the authority to:

• Reform immigration systems to prioritize security and expand legal pathways.
• Bolster border enforcement with infrastructure that works, coupled with humane policies that deter unauthorized crossings.
• Debate, if necessary, the 14th Amendment’s Citizenship Clause through the process outlined in Article V—deliberately and with the consent of the people.

These solutions respect the Constitution; they preserve its integrity while addressing the crisis head-on.

Conclusion

President Trump’s executive order, though aimed at tackling a legitimate issue, reveals the dangers of undermining constitutional protections. This action signals to future administrations, particularly those with opposing ideologies, that constitutional amendments are no longer sacred. What is done to the 14th Amendment today could easily be done to the Second or Fourth tomorrow. A future president may take this precedent and decide that the right to bear arms or the right to privacy can be dismissed just as easily.

Yes, the challenges posed by illegal immigration are undeniable. Yes, they require bold action. But they cannot be solved by tearing apart the very framework that protects American democracy. If we allow executive orders to redefine constitutional rights, we risk transforming the United States into a nation governed not by laws, but by the whims of those in power. The Constitution must remain a cornerstone, not a tool, and the solutions to our most pressing issues must be built upon its enduring principles.